模型参考文献:
【1】Duong, T.T.N., Bui, DN. & Phung, M.D. Navigation variable-based multi-objective particle swarm optimization for UAV path planning with kinematic constraints. Neural Comput & Applic 37, 5683–5697 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10945-1
采用MOPSO求解结果:

采用NMOPSO求解结果:

